Synchronization of electrochemical oscillators with differential coupling.

Experiments are presented to describe the effect of capacitive coupling of two electrochemical oscillators during Ni dissolution in sulfuric acid solution. Equivalent circuit analysis shows that the coupling between the oscillators occurs through the difference between the differentials of the electrode potentials. The differential nature of the coupling introduces strong negative nonisochronicity (i.e., phase shear, strong dependence of the period on the amplitude) in the coupling mechanism with smooth oscillators (under conditions just above a Hopf bifurcation point). Because of the negative nonisochronicity, asymmetrically coupled oscillators exhibit anomalous phase synchronization in the form of frequency difference enhancement. At strong coupling bistability is observed between in-phase and antiphase synchronized states. With relaxation oscillators, in contrast to the resistive coupling where antiphase synchronization can occur, the typical system response with weak coupling is out-of-phase synchronization. When the capacitance is applied on the individual resistors attached to the electrodes the oscillators exhibit weak positive nonisochronicity; this is in contrast with the strong negative nonisochronicity obtained with cross coupling. The proposed coupling configurations reveal the importance of the nonisochronicity level of oscillations for the experimentally observed synchronization patterns and also provide efficient ways of tuning the nonisochronicity level of the oscillations. This latter feature can be exploited to design synchronization features with a combination of resistive (difference) and capacitive (differential) coupling.